Improving Access For Healthcare Promotion And Maintenance

Improving Access to Healthcare Promotion and Maintenance in the Community Alexander Collazo Keiser University Nursing Roles Practicum NUR 2871C Aimee Lopez-Baena February 19, 2015 Improving Access to Healthcare Promotion and Maintenance in the Community Over the past 8 years, healthcare has been a major topic of debate. President and governmental elections, school systems and districts, local communities, and even cartoons have centered their focus on what seems to be one of the US’s major dilemmas: Healthcare. While our country has vast resources and often leads the world in advanced technology, healthcare and its access remains something we have yet mastered (Collaboration Health Care, 2015). As defined by WHO, the World Health Organization (2015), healthcare promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. While the concept of health promotion, its accessibility, and its maintenance are easy to understand, sometimes things easily understood aren’t as easily implemented into the general populations and their lifestyles. Unfortunately, there are many obstacles standing between the general population and complete access to healthcare. Some of the major hurdles include: 1. General Access of Healthcare 2. Affordability and Cost of Healthcare 3. Quality and collaboration of the healthcare community and theShow MoreRelatedThe Affordable Care Act ( Aca )890 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates, and objections until the Supreme Court rendered a final decision on individual mandate healthcare insurance to uphold the health care law on June 28, 2012. The mandate healthcare insurance for workers by employers’ obligation through a regulated marketplace of health maintenance organizations was proposed by President Bill Clinton proposed a healthcare reform bill in 1993, comparing, healthcare insurance would have required by individuals but not employers were proposed by Republican. InRead MoreDeveloping A Strategic Approach For Healthcare Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagestechnology and approach as well as difficulty of satisfying the more aware and demanding clients, healthcare organizations are faced with more challenges than ever before. However, to ensure that client needs are met, it is important for the organizations to obtain the best outcomes at the lowest cost to ensure optimal value to patients, and emphasize on organization-centered care process. Healthcare practitioners should overcome the challenges in their organizations by enacting strategies that transformRead MorePatient Centered Medical Homes ( Pcmh )1428 Words   |  6 Pagesdeliver better care to patients with chronic conditions. This model of care has stimulated the attention of payers, Medicaid policy makers, physicians, and patient advocates, as it has the potential to address several of the limitations of the current healthcare system (Wang, J. et al 2014). Currently, primary care in the United States is focused on acute and episodic illness, it inadvertently limits comprehensive, coordinated, preventive and chronic care (Bleser, W. et al 2014). The PCMH address theseRead MoreHealth Care Cost For Obesity Essay809 Words   |  4 Pages66 billion a year by 2030. As a persons BMI increases, so does the number of sick days, medical claims, and healthcare costs. Over 42 percent of obese adults spend more on direct healthcare costs than adults who are a healthy weight. Medical spending (per capita) per individual who are obese ranges from $1,429 to $2,741 higher than an average weight person. Reducing obesity, improving nutrition and increasing activity can help lower costs through fewer doctors office visits, tests, prescriptionRead MoreImmunization Information Systems At University Of Pennsylvania.1746 Words   |  7 PagesPennsylvania Background The University of Pennsylvania conducted a case study for managing information privacy and security with their Immunization Information Systems. Healthcare information systems are credited with helping with the overall improvement of healthcare in the United States today at the same time reducing costs with providing healthcare. Research has now become an important reason for information systems to provide data needed to target specific patient populations. Immunization programs haveRead MoreThe Basic Beliefs And Philosophies With A Mission, Vision, And Value Statement938 Words   |  4 Pagesdirection for the organization. Once an organization has its sense of direction laid out it will need adaptive strategies to refine the path. â€Å"Adaptive strategies provide further progression by specifying the type and scope of expansion, reduction, or maintenance. They provide the primary method for achieving the vision and are the strategies that are most visible to those outside of the organization† (Swayne, et al., pp. 200 - 202, 2008). If an organization has decided that expansion is the best way toRead MoreHrm 534857 Words   |  4 Pagesaffordable healthcare for employees. The receive coverage for preventative healthcare, low cost pharmacy benefits with minimal co-pays. Wal-Mart is known for selling products that are competitively priced or low cost. Employees have the advantage of a 10% employee discount on already reduced pricing. Employees can save for retirement with a generous match of 6% that is vitally important in today’s economy. Wal-Mart’s benefits assist employees with meeting their life needs and maintenance of theirRead MoreThe New Brand Positioning Of Philips1336 Words   |  6 Pagesmouth promotion, by emphasizing on their 35 years of experience and the quality of their product (â€Å"lifeline is recommended by 100 000 health care professional’[1]) and how it will guarantee your safety. Since lifeline has 7 million subscribers we can consider their marketing strategy to be efficient. Yet, lifeline has had some problems with telemarketing frauds, where scammers would try to find lifeline customers and convince them that they had to pay an extra monthly fee, in order to get access toRead MoreStatement Of Purpose For Doctoral Program1296 Words   |  6 PagesEtinosa Oghogho Texas A and M University College of Public Health Department of Health Promotion and Community Health Sciences Statement of Purpose for Doctoral Program Statement of Purpose and Objectives When submitting your Statement of Purpose and Objectives, it should be unique to each program to which you are going to apply. Your statement is intended to give you the opportunity to submit a tailored narrative which will describe your education, experience and professional career objectivesRead MoreUkraine Grant Proposal Essay1206 Words   |  5 Pages..................................................................4 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦11 Works Cited†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 Abstract Introduction The healthcare system of Ukraine is in significant need of improvement, in spite of some recent advancement. In the previous years, health outcomes have remained poor resulting in an average life expectancy 11 years less than other Europeans (World Bank 2015)

The United States Marines Advertisement - 906 Words

US Marines Advertisement For hundreds if not thousands of years people have been persuaded to battle with promises of honor and glory. Even today, the idea of fame and distinction draw many young people to our military. Soldiers returning home are often referred to as heroes by civilians. This add by the United State Marines uses a variety of visual spoken word and music to recruit and albeit exaggeratedly display the respect and strength of the US Marine. The advertisement starts dramatically panning over a far out shot of an arena. The sky is dark and lighting flashes across the sky. Rain is pouring down from above. A young man appears on the screen, walking through a door with the Marines emblem emblazoned on it in gold. The man dressed in a grey shirt and brown cargo pants spots his goal; a golden sword on a platform in the middle of the area. A giant red flare races across the sky, his signal to start his trails. He jumps face first in to a steal gauntlet. He narrowly dodges a c ircular blade that sparks as it spins. Patriotic music picks up as the run through the rest of the cylinder like passage and begins to climb a spike, spinning wall. When he reaches the top he pulls the sword out of the podium, the voice over mentions â€Å"the challenge of joining the elite† (Golden Lion Films, 2006). A giant lava monster is summoned and lets out a beastly cry. The man dodges the monsters attacks and slays it, the voiceover saying â€Å"face your fears and you will change forever†Show MoreRelatedUnited States Marine Corps Campaign Advertisement Essay737 Words   |  3 PagesThe campaign advertisement ran by the United States Marine Corps uses versatile imagery and a connotative language approach to strategically attract minority women. The print ad shows a female Marine in a defensive martial arts pose on looked by a crowd of men in what seems to be a combat training session implying she is the leader. The tag line: â€Å"There are no female Marines. Only Marines† suggests that women who join the Marines will have equal standing with men in their organization. The adRead MoreEssay on The Effect of A Recruitment Commercial of the US Marines1356 Words   |  6 Pagessounds, I suddenly had the urge to sign up for the United States Marine Corps after watching the commercial. The advertisement completely captivated me; the music alone propelled my lethargic body into a vigilant state. The images raised my adrenaline and the commercial persuaded me, although flaccid, to try the Marines Corps. The underlying themes of the advertisement synced my mind and emotions into desiring for the action packed life the marines pursue. The effectiveness of the commercial isRead MoreEssay on Adding to the Advertisements1383 Words   |  6 Pagespersuade the German people to their side of the struggle to great effect (Hitler). The purpose of both printed advertisements and propaganda is to persuade the public to give support to a certain cause. In the case of advertisements, the support that is wanted is in the form of purchasing the advertised product. In two prominent advertisements (ads), one for a type of liquor and another for the Marine Corps, the creators have adopted a bevy of devices and appeals to make the products look engaging, enticingRead MoreAnalysis Of Disney s World Ocean Day 1228 Words   |  5 Pagesa billboard advertisement marketed for â€Å"World Ocean Day† which is one June 8th. This annual observation honors the world’s oceans. The advertisement is directed towards keeping Earth’s water clean. The advertisement was placed on billboards throughout the United States. This advertisement not only market to children, but it also markets to families and Disney-goers. As Walt Disney even said â€Å"You’re dead if you aim only for kids. Adults are only kids grown up, anyway.† The advertisement is set in theRead MoreEva Case Study1458 Words   |  6 Pagescompany’s, Evergreen Marine Corporation, 20th anniversary celebration. Evergreen Marine Corporation is the world famou s shipping line in terms of container operation. EVA Airways began flying on July 1, 1991 to Singapore, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Jakarta, Penang, and Seoul. By the end of the same year, EVA Airways added a few other stops in East Asia. EVA Airways launched a nonstop route between Taipei and Los Angeles and Taipei-Seattle-Newark route for entering the United States market and became theRead MoreThe Marine Corps Essay1994 Words   |  8 Pagesquote above does an exemplary job at doing just that. For almost 100 years the United States of America has done an amazing job at persuading and influencing the hearts and minds of people around the globe – specifically voluntary recruits. By using so few words and being ambiguous it leads the reader towards conceptualizing this idea as something they could take on and image for themselves. â€Å"The Few. The Proud. The Marines†. A catch phrase that has taken on a meaning of its own and has been a partRead MoreLeonard vs. Pepsico1193 Words   |  5 Pagesdeclaratory judgment stating that it had no obligation to furnish plaintiff with a Harrier Jet, so in this case PepsiCo is plaintiff, and Mr. Leonard was a defendant. But later Mr. Leonard in response to PepsiCo’s suit in New York, brought suit in Florida state court on August 6, 1996, for breach of contract, deceptive, fraud, unfair trade practicies, and misleading advertising, and then the case was transferred to federal court in New York (Manhattan), because of the reason that plaintiff (Mr.Leonard) hadRead MoreObesity And Its Effects On Society997 Words   |  4 Pagesoccurs as a result of the observation, such criticism, condemnation, or stigma (Goode, 2011). In regards to obesity, the norm in today’s society is to be thin or healthy. One can pick up a newspaper or watch a television ad and see the number of advertisements for health clubs. Furthermore, politicians today are continuously attempting to prohibit sugary drinks, and establishing new lunch standards for schools. Even vending machines now have healthy snacks vice candy bars. In regards to observationRead MoreAdvertisements are not Legal Agreements Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesAbstract This paper examines the elements of a legal contract and how advertisements are not viewed as legal contracts in most cases. It will review the case of Leonard vs. Pepsico to determine what happens when an advertisement is viewed as a valid offer and responded to with such view. How rewards and auctions are viewed in legal terms. Finally, how this applies to the creative idea to boost tourism by auctioning Bigtown on eBay. Elements of a Legal Contract In order to have a contract thatRead MoreMultinational Gas And Oil Company1624 Words   |  7 Pagesaway due to bankruptcy or other factors. According to Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, a corporation is a, specific legal form of organization of persons and material resources, chartered by the state, for the purpose of conducting business. Beyond Petroleum is a multinational gas and oil company based in the United Kingdom. Operating in over 80 countries and producing around 3.4 million barrels of oil a day, BP is the third-largest energy company in the world behind Exxon Mobil and Royal Dutch Shell

Climate (3901 words) Essay Example For Students

Climate (3901 words) Essay ClimateChangeOver the past years most individuals have become acutely aware that theintensity of human and economic development enjoyed over the 20th century cannotbe sustained. Material consumption and ever increasing populations are alreadystressing the earths ecosystems. How much more the earth can take remains avery heated issue. Here a look at the facts sheds some very dark light. In 1950,there were 2.5 billion people, while today there are 5.8 billion. There may wellbe 10 billion people on earth before the middle of the next century. Even moresignificant, on an ecological level, is the rise in per capita energy andmaterial consumption which, in the last 40 years, has soared faster than thehuman population. An irresistible economy seems to be on a collision coursewith an immovable ecosphere. Based on these facts alone, there is gravereason for concern. Taken further, it is even more frightening to note that,while man has affected the environment throughout his stay on earth, the impacthas been most intense in the relatively short industrial era. Since theindustrial revolution, and over the past century in particular, mansecological footprint on the earth has quickly grown from that of a child to oneof a giant. True, this period is heralded as an economic success story, which itcertainly has been. However, many argue that it seems increasingly likely thatthe path to mans success will soon slope downward to his demise. The climateis changing, and so must we. This paper will look at the coin of climate change,where on the one side the human impact on the earth will be shown, and on theother, the impact of earth on man. Such a study is inevitably somewhatpolemical, as it is still open to debate what the precise effects of man haveand will be on climate change, and also what climate change will mean to man. Itwill also be quite general in analysis, as a paper of this scope can allow nomore. What will be made clear, nevertheless, is that the relationship between man and earth is clearly changing. More specifically, man is outgrowing theearth. If the relationship is to continue?indeed prosper?then a new balanceneeds to be found. The issue of climate change holds one important key to thisbalance. Man and the Environment Thomas Malthus is well remembered for hisposition as a doomsayer. When looking at the rates of population growth inVictorian England, he saw unchecked growth as leading to a rapid decline in theliving standards of man. He blamed this decline on three main factors: theoverproduction of offspring; the inability of natural resources to sustainrising human population; and the irresponsibility of the lower classes toprevent their overpopulation. Very generally, Malthus suggested that this trendcould be controlled only if the family size of the lower classes was regulatedso that poor families would not produce more children than they could support. He predicted that the demand for food would inevitably become far greater thanthe available supply of it. This prediction was rooted in the thought thatpopulation, when unchecked, increased geometrically; i.e., 2,4,8,16,32 whilefood products, or as he called it ?subsistence, only grew at an arithmeticrate; i.e, 1,2,3,4,5, He provided only a basic economic reason for thishowever, and generally attributed famine, poverty and other catastrophicoccurrences to divine intervention (he was a very religious man, a clergyman, infact). He believed that such natural outcomes were essentially Gods way ofpreventing man from being lazy. The point here is not to provide an evaluationof Malthus, and one might well argue that he was wrong in many of hispredictions; but rather to highlight the posit that man has long been livingbeyond his means. Sooner or later, this will have its consequences. As aspecies, our success has certainly been impressive, but it has come by turning ablind-eye to our surroun dings. A prime reason for our success is ourflexibility as a switcher predator and scavenger. We are consummately adaptable,able to switch form one resource base?grasslands, forests or estuaries?toanother, as each is exploited to its maximum tolerance or use up. Like othersuccessful species we have learned to adapt ourselves to new environments. But,unlike other animals, we made a jump from being successful to being a runawaysuccess. We have made this jump because of our ability to adapt environments forour own uses in ways that no other animal can match. Whether or not man cancontinue to adapt to the emerging environment, however, is a difficult question. In a (literally) rapidly changing world, it is difficult to look back on past orpresent to divine the future. But, using Malthus line of reasoning, one wayor another mother nature will surely ?take care of us. Lack ofresources, environmental degradation, famine and disease will in the painfulfashion known by our ancestors cut our species back. AIDS is the obvious exampleof a way in which to do it.Conditions already exist in several Africancountries for the virus to kill more people than are being bornHowever, withits incubation period of as much as ten years or even more, AIDS is not aboom-and-bust infection like the Black Death. Unchecked it could move on atime-scale of 200 rather than 20 years. But the effects could be asdevastating. It is thus clear that we can not go on as we have in the past. The questions of ?when and ?how environmental degradation will catchup with us remain. In passing, it should be noted that there are several (weak)arguments to be made suggesting the patterns of climatic change that have, andwill still, occur to be quite beyond the understanding and influence of mortalmen. As argued by C. W. Thornthwaite in 1956, man is incapable of making anysignificant change in the climatic pattern on the earth; that the changes inmicroclimate for which he is responsible are so local and some so trivial thatspecial instruments are often required to detect them. Another interestingargument against the severity of global warming, forwarded by Meyer in 1996, isthe artefact of a transition of stationing weather observatories near citiesthat have grown considerably during the same period. And place this curve, withits relatively small fluctuations, net to one of natural temperature changesover the last 20,000 years, and one might well despair of hearing any humanimpact s against so noisy a background. These arguments bring to light thecontroversy that surrounds the urgency of global warming and climatic change. Indeed, standing alone they do make compelling assertions that can only becountered by the application of theory. As also noted by Meyer, only byadding a theoretical explanation of the workings of the climate system, theprocesses that generate the events that we experience as weather and the orderthat we discern as climate, can we suggest with some confidence what would havebeen or would be the consequences of particular human activities. TheImportance of Environmental Viability Before moving on, it is necessary tohighlight the importance of environmental viability. While this may already bewell known, it is equally apparent that most individuals do not perceive it asan immediate problem. For most, concern with the environment is a distantlong-term problem that does not require todays attention. This has much to dowith the lifestyle that has created the problems in the first place. In ourincreasingly interlinked world there is a common strive towards a ?globaleconomy which is charact erised by the swelling of liberalised trade andfinancial capital flows. Though it is not certain at this point where this willlead, it is very likely that the result will be increased economic activity and,in turn, increased material and resource consumption. For many, at least in thedeveloped world, this means increased prosperity and enhanced standards ofliving. The glamour of this lifestyle, however, tends to hide the ugly facts. Consider, for instance, that already at this stage of development, rates ofresource harvesting and waste generation deplete nature faster than it canregenerate.As the world becomes ecologically overloaded, conventionaleconomic development actually becomes self-destructive and impoverishing. Manyscholars believe that continuing on this historical path might even put our verysurvival at risk. In contrast to the impressions of many, the environment isan immediate problem. Though environmental concerns are widespread and many,perhaps the most challenging is the significant (30%) increase in greenhousegasses accumulated in the atmosphere since the industrial revolution. At presentrates of increase, these greenhouse gasses will again double by the turn of thenext century. The effects this will have on the earths climate remaincontroversial, but most agree that the earths equilibrium temperature will beaffected. The argument here remains, how much? This question will be looked atin the fort hcoming section. Climatic Change It is not surprising to note at thisstage that fluctuations and changes in climate occur both spatially andtemporally, the causes of which are a source of much speculation andcontroversy. What is unequivocal is that the past 2 to 3*106 years (and more)have been characterised more by change than by constancy. It is equally apparentthat climatic change, whether it is a response to natural or cultural stimuli,is complex. It is not yet understood which factors, either singly or incombination, create positive feedback, nor is it understood how theyinteract. Even further, the indices of climatic and environmental change overthe past 2 to 3*106 years have been proxy records, which makes theidentification of their underlying causes a formidable task. Having noted theseinherent problems, its is possible to objectively evaluate some of thepredictions that have been forwarded over time. There are several ways by whichclimatic change can be recorded and understo od. Three of the most well known arequaternary subdivisions based on the terrestrial record, ocean sediment cores,and ice cores. These methods have been used in isolation and also in conjunctionwith one another. Of particular interest here is the growing body of data thathas been collected from ice cores that is contributing to studies ofenvironmental change and aiding correlations between polar, continental andocean sediment records. The polar ice sheets and those of high tropicalmountains are nourished by precipitation from the atmosphere, the composition ofwhich is thus recorded as successive layers of ice accumulate. Such recordsprovide information on environmental change over the past ca. 200K years andbase line data from pre-and post-industrial levels for the biogeochemicalcycling of metals such as lead. Over the past century, countless theoriesabout climate change have been advanced and tested using the above techniques. Hamlets procrastination and co EssayExisting lakes and inland seas do have some measurable effects on temperatureand humidity in the ribbon of land along their shores, but no so large and sowidespread as ordinarily to justify creating new ones as climatic generators.The same type of controversy surrounds the desertification of land. Looking tothe cases of the desertification of the middle east, northern Africa, and India,it is argued that overgrazing by livestock both raised the albedo of thesurface and injected dust into the air; thus altering the regional heat balanceby reflecting away more solar radiation. A net cooling from these processes thenpromoted atmospheric stability and suppressed rainfall; the vegetation witheredunder the lessened rainfall and more dust swirled upward, magnifying theoriginal impact. The example of the diminishing rainforests provides anothergood, though controversial, case. As has been witnessed in these regions to somedegree, changing the earths physi cal landscape can have affects onmicroclimates. Cities, too, have witnessed some significant climatic changes asa result of increased urbanisation. The well-known ?heat island effect;i.e., a net elevation of temperatures above those found in the adjacentcountryside, has been well documented. It stems particularly from changes inthe land surface and the energy budget. Cities themselves generate much of theheat in which they bask or swelter. The roughness of the urban land surfaceretards the speed of the winds, and thus lessens the dispersion of heat; theimpermeable and well-drained surface is less moist, and so less heat is lostthrough evaporation; and the structures and surfaces typical of the city absorband retain heat at high rates. This increased heat may in turn result in fog,storms, precipitation induced by convective heating and pollution condensation. On a larger regional level, the distribution of species will be affected byclimatic change, which is likely to have widespread consequences for human life. Agricultural pests will be displaced, and the incidence of ?disease vectorsthrough the spread of malaria carrying mosquitoes, for instance, will affect thehealth and well-being of human populations. Mannion makes the observation thatareas of high altitude are those which have been most directly affected bythe advance and retreat of glaciers and ice caps. Indeed, the Arctic andAntarctic zones are currently experiencing glaciation, and it is from theseareas that much can be learned about glaciation. Many others share this positthat higher altitude will be more affected, but how much more remains thequestion. In sum, it must be said that the diversity of the earths surfacetranslates into a diversity of physical impacts of global changes, differentsocial impacts even of similar physical ones, different expectations of theirimpacts?which , of course, have often been wide of the mark?and differentcosts that any globally uniform change in behaviour would incur. Based onthis observation, it is quite likely that landlocked countries have nothing tofear in terms of rising sea levels, and areas that have traditionallyexperienced poor levels of rainfall may actually benefit from increasedprecipitation. Canada, however, as a nation that is very dependent onagriculture, forestry, and fisheries?and thus more dependent on climaticconditions?will likely be quite vulnerable to any climatic shifts. In general,however, it can be said that climate change may create opportunities for gainas well as for loss, but countries with different endowments of skills andcapital will differ in their ability to exploit those opportunities.Conclusion As has been advanced throughout this paper, there is a considerabledegree of uncertainty surrounding the climatic future of the earth. This,according to Mannion, highlights the complexity of the climate system and theinadequacy of current scientific understanding. This vein of thought also ranthrough the Rio Earth Summit, which recognised the realit y of global warming,but also the substantial scientific uncertainty with regard to its timing andmagnitude. This lingering confusion has made the problem of global environmentalchange the largest single problem facing the world scientific community.But, while the precise impact of mans footprint on the earth cannot bemeasured with great accuracy, there is no reasonable man who will argue thatcurrent rates of consumption are either beneficial or wholly necessary. Indeed,it is quite intuitive to conclude that increasing industrialisation andincreased economic output is a step in the wrong direction, at least in terms ofthe environments wellbeing. Given the state of present day research, it hasreasonably been estimated that under a business as usual scenario ofcontinued growth of fossil fuel use, and hence of greenhouse gas emissions, theglobal average temperature is estimated to rise at a rate close to 0.3C perdecade?a rate which is probably greater than any that has occurred on earth since the end of the last ice age, some 10,000 years ago. Associated with therise in global average temperature will be substantial changes in regionalclimate, especially in the intensity and frequency of droughts and floods.Though impossible to prove, in aggregate it has been argued that the change willbe large and greater than the earth has seen since the last ice age. If this iseven close to the truth, it is very likely that human beings and the earthsecosystems will not be able to sustain the pace of change in their presentsurroundings. What will happen at the regional and local level, however, is muchmore difficult to predict though in some cases, will likely be even moredevastating. From what has been shown in this paper, there is distinct reason tosuspect that higher latitudes will experience greater overall warming than lowerlatitudes. If this is indeed the case, the release of vast stores of carbonfrom the tundra peatlands and boreal zone will reinforce global warming. Moreover, if there are further reductions in acidic emissions, which at currentlevels cause a counteracting effect, global warming will be accelerated. Putsimply, this is not a good thing. Quantifying the extent of the potential damageis not only beyond the scope of this paper, but perhaps beyond humancomprehension (at this point) and even worse, missing the point. The onlycertainty about future climatic change is indeed uncertainty of its extent. Itmight not be wrong, given such circumstances, to prepare for the worst. Thepicture that this study has painted is, quite apparently, confusing and sombre. However, there is a faint stroke of optimism that can be added. E. G. Nisbetnotes that despite our losses, we are intellectually and physically richerthan any other generation of humanity. Our poverty is spiritual. It is wellwithin our power to be optimists, if we can dispel the cynicism of the pastdecades. If we are optimists, most things are possible. The challenge to cherishthe planet, to construct a new global economy, is far less than the challenge,in 1940, to defeat the last threat against human hope. This strain ofreasoning provides a welcome contrast to the depressing observation noted byBarrett at the opening of this study. And it is true, there is nothing tosuggest that we are firmly locked into a future that is condemned. For the firsttime in history, it may well be possible for a balance to be found between manand nature. BibliographyArcher, Eileen (1994) People and the Environment: Preserving the Balance,London: Association of Commonwealth Universities Goulde, Andrew (1997) The HumanImpact Reader, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Mannion, A. M. (1997) GlobalEnvironmental Change: A Natural and Cultural Environmental History, New York:Longman Press Meyer, William B. (1996) Human Impact on the Earth, Cambridge:Cambridge University Press Nisbet, E. G. (1991) Leaving Eden: To Protect andManage the Earth, New York: Cambridge University Press Wackernagel, Mathis.,Rees, William (1996) Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on theEarth, Philadelphia: New Society Publishers Westphal, Dale., Westphal, Fred(1994) Planet in Peril, Toronto: Harcourt Brace

Management and Organizational Structure Issues Essay Example

Management and Organizational Structure Issues Paper This document presents responses to the discussion questions posed in chapter 8 (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). The chapter discusses about organization structure, teamwork, and communication. Organization structure is the form of an organization that is evident in the way divisions, departments, functions, and people link together and interact. Organization structure reveals vertical operational responsibilities, and horizontal linkages, and may be represented by an organization chart. The complexity of an organization’s structure is often proportional to its size and its geographic dispersal. Business Situation Regarding Spectrum Brand The sections below pretend reference to the above business situation. How To Organize Spectrum Brands Using A Matrix Structure The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure is based on multiple employee reporting structures. It emphasizes both vertical organizational hierarchy and horizontal relationships. In other words, any employee within a matrix organization reports upwards to functional managers and, based on geographic requirements, may also report sideways to project managers. In this arrangement, employees are responsible to two managers- functional and project managers (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). Employees can be in one department and report to functional manager, but these same employees may be assigned to different projects and report to a project manager while working on that project. Therefore, each employee may have to work under several managers to get their job done. How To Organize Spectrum Brands Using Multidivisional Structure The multidivisional structure of Spectrum Brands can be broken down into three areas: product, market, and geographic. These are summarized as follows: Product structure: Each product division contains the functions necessary to that specific good. We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Organizational Structure Issues specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Organizational Structure Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Management and Organizational Structure Issues specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Product structure groups’ employee together based upon specific products produced by the company. Spectrum Brands, for example, can operate with its products such as pet food, pet supplies, grooming product, toys, novelty items, vitamins and veterinary supplies. The company can have a separate division for each product. Market structure: Market structure groups employees together based upon specific market in which the company sells. The company can sell its products to individual consumers and business consumer. So the sales and consumer customer service worked together, and corporate sales and corporate customer service worked together. Geographic structure: This structure groups each organizational function into divisions based on geographical basis. Each division within a divisional structure can contain all the necessary resources and functions within it. Divisions can be categorized from different points of view. Especially if the company is facing problem of controlling its activities on a national or international level is likely to use a geographic structure and group functions into regional divisions to service customers in different locations. Each geographic division can access to a full set of the functions it needs to provide its products. The Most Effective Structure For Spectrum Brands A multidivisional structure can allow Spectrum Brands to coordinate intergroup relationships more effectively than does a matrix structure. Since the company supplies pet products in 48 states and has more than 750 stores, departments can be formed on the basis of geography, customer, product, or a combination of these. This structure can also allow regional managers and employees to be close to their customers and, may develop more relationships that may give managers and employees extra incentive to perform well. Employees’ close identification with their division can increase their commitment, loyalty, and job satisfaction. Potential Communication Problems In Matrix And Multidivisional Structure Information sharing is important in companies like Spectrum Brands because several people may be required for the same piece of work. Because a matrix organization chart is working with more complex communication structure and hierarchy, it needs to be structured properly. One that isn’t properly thought out and executed can be dysfunctional in that it creates confusion rather that clarity. Confusing communication is always a detriment to the organization or a team. Matrix structure increase role conflict and role ambiguity. Reporting relationship in this structure makes employee vulnerable to role ambiguity. Two bosses making conflicting demands on two-boss employee relationships. This conflict and ambiguity can increase feelings of stress. Employees have difficulty in demonstrating their personal contributions to team performance because they move so often from one team to another. And there are limited opportunities for promotion, because most movement is lateral, from team to team, not vertical to upper management positions. Divisional structures normally have more managers and more levels of management than matrix structures have, communications problems can arise as various levels in various divisions attempt to coordinate their activities. As the companies grow and diversify, traditional line structures become difficult to coordinate, making communication difficult and decision making slow (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). Divisions may start to complete for organizational resources and may start to pursue divisional goals and objectives at the expense of organizational ones. Most Effective Level Of Centralization In Matrix And Multidivisional Structure Multidivisional structures permit delegation of decision-making authority, allowing divisional and department managers to specialize. They allow those closest to the action to make the decisions that will affect them. Delegation of authority and divisionalized work also mean that better decision faster, and they tend to be more innovative (O. C, Geoffrey Linda, 2009). A multidivisional structure makes it relatively easy for organizations to evaluate and reward the performance of individual divisions and their managers and to assign rewards in a way that is closely linked to their performance. Corporate managers can also evaluate one regional operation against another and thus shared ideas between regions and find ways to improve performance. Matrix structures provide flexibility, enhanced cooperation, and creativity, and they enable the company to respond quickly to changes in the environment by giving special attention to specific projects or problems. However, they are generally expensive and quite complex, and employees may be confused as to whose authority has priority (the project manager’s or the functional manager’s) Conclusions The information presented above leads to the following conclusions: 1. The matrix structure groups employees by both function and product. This structure is based on multiple employee reporting structures. It emphasizes both vertical organizational hierarchy and horizontal relationships. 2. In multidivisional structure, divisions (departments) can be formed on the basis of product, market, and geographic structure. 3. In multidivisional structures communications problems can arise as various levels in various divisions attempt to coordinate their activities. Matrix Structure increase role conflict and role ambiguity on two-boss employee relationships. 4. Multidivisional structures permit delegation of decision-making authority, allowing divisional and department managers to specialize. In matrix employees may be confused as to whose authority has priority (the project manager’s or the functional manager’s). Reference Ferrell, O. C. , Hirt, G. , Ferrell, L. (2009). Business: A changing world: 2009 custom edition (7th ed. ). New York: McGraw-Hill/ Irwin.