Menstrual Synchrony Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Menstrual SynchronyGenerations of women gull noniced it you and your sister, or your roommate, or lover, or mom, get your periods at the selfsame(prenominal) time. It doesnt always happen, but it catches the attention when it does. Female rats living in the same air space ovulate at the same time. Menstruation in monkeys synchronizes with the full moon (7). So is it all in our heads, or is the same pattern present in humans?The clearest seam against the organism of menstrual synchronization is that since the length of the menstrual motorcycle varies from person to person (2), two women with different cycle lengths will never synchronize. They may flux at the same time, but the next month they will be a little different, the next month more different, and so on. By this argument, synchrony is entirely a myth.I cannot believe this argument, since it assumes that stop can be graphed and analyzed like a sine wave. Human bodies rarely adhere to short quantify schedules. Many w omen have irregular periods, and the regularity of the menstrual cycle changes at different stages of life (3). So if a woman with a cycle of 25 days and another with cycle of 28 days live together, they might both shift to a cycle of 26 or 27 days. In this way, synchronization would comfort be quite possible. So if this phenomenon does exist, what explanation can there be for it? One theory is that lunar cycles may have roughly connection to the pattern. At first this makes some sense, since both cycles happen about thirteen times each year. A study on the Dogon battalion of Mali set up that although they had no electricity and spent most nights outdoors, thus being as likely as anyone to be affected by the light of the moon, menstrual cycles among the Dogon di... ...is this undecomposed something women want to believe because it would be cool and bring us closer together? Also, according to McClintock, some women answered strongly to other womens pheromones, while others di d not respond at all (6). Does this mean that it is not strictly group behavior but leader/follower behavior,with some womens cycles setting the trend for the others? If so, does this chemical leaders correlate to any kind of social behaviors, like alpha females among wolves? My conclusion can only be that despite all those sex-ed videos from seventh grade, menstruation is still awfully confusing.Internet Sources1) http//www.moltx.org/bloodbread.html2) http//www.moltx.org/noin.html3) http//www.moltx.org/hume.html4) http//www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_306.html5) http//www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s11122.htm Menstrual Synchrony Essays -- Biology Essays Research PapersMenstrual SynchronyGenerations of women have noticed it you and your sister, or your roommate, or lover, or mom, get your periods at the same time. It doesnt always happen, but it catches the attention when it does. Female rats living in the same air space ovulate at the same time. Men struation in monkeys synchronizes with the full moon (7). So is it all in our heads, or is the same pattern present in humans?The clearest argument against the existence of menstrual synchrony is that since the length of the menstrual cycle varies from person to person (2), two women with different cycle lengths will never synchronize. They may menstruate at the same time, but the next month they will be a little different, the next month more different, and so on. By this argument, synchrony is simply a myth.I cannot believe this argument, since it assumes that menstruation can be graphed and analyzed like a sine wave. Human bodies rarely adhere to perfectly timed schedules. Many women have irregular periods, and the regularity of the menstrual cycle changes at different stages of life (3). So if a woman with a cycle of 25 days and another with cycle of 28 days live together, they might both shift to a cycle of 26 or 27 days. In this way, synchronization would still be quite possib le. So if this phenomenon does exist, what explanation can there be for it? One theory is that lunar cycles may have some connection to the pattern. At first this makes some sense, since both cycles happen about thirteen times each year. A study on the Dogon people of Mali found that although they had no electricity and spent most nights outdoors, thus being as likely as anyone to be affected by the light of the moon, menstrual cycles among the Dogon di... ...is this just something women want to believe because it would be cool and bring us closer together? Also, according to McClintock, some women responded strongly to other womens pheromones, while others did not respond at all (6). Does this mean that it is not strictly group behavior but leader/follower behavior,with some womens cycles setting the trend for the others? If so, does this chemical leadership correlate to any kind of social behaviors, like alpha females among wolves? My conclusion can only be that despite all those sex-ed videos from seventh grade, menstruation is still awfully confusing.Internet Sources1) http//www.moltx.org/bloodbread.html2) http//www.moltx.org/noin.html3) http//www.moltx.org/hume.html4) http//www.straightdope.com/classics/a2_306.html5) http//www.abc.net.au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/stories/s11122.htm

Biography of Michelangelo Essay example -- Michelangelo Artists Painte

Biography of MichelangeloThe second of five brothers, Michelangelo was natural on March 6, 1475, at Caprese, in Tuscany, to Ludovico di da Vinci di Buonarotto Simoni and Francesca Neri. The same day, his father noted down Today March 6, 1475, a child of the male sex has been born to me and I have named him Michelangelo. He was born on Monday between 4 and 5 in the morning, at Caprese, where I am the Podest. Although born in the small village of Caprese, Michelangelo everlastingly considered himself a countersign of Florence, as did his father, a Citizen of Florence.His Childhood and YouthBuonarrotis mother, Francesca Neri, was too sick and frail to nurse Michelangelo, so he was placed with a wet nurse, in a family of stone cutters, where he, sucked in the craft of hammer and chisel with my foster mothers milk. When I told my father that I wish to be an artist, he flew into a rage, artists are laborers, no better than shoemakers.Buonarrotis mother died young, when the child was on ly six years old. But even before then, Michelangelos childhood had been grim and lacking in affection, and he was always to retain a taciturn disposition. Touchy and quick to respond with fierce words, he tended to keep to himself, out of shyness check to some but also, according to others, a lack of trust in his fellows. His father soon recognized the boys intelligence and anxious for him to learn his letters, sent him to the school of a master, Francesco Galeota from Urbino, who in that clipping taught grammar. While he studied the principles of Latin, Michelangelo made friends with a student, Francesco Granacci six years older than him, who was learning the art of painting in Ghirlandaios studio and who encouraged Michelangelo to fall his own artistic vocation.Early Life in Florence. Michelangelos father, now a minor Florentine official with connections to the ruling Medici family, placed his 13-year-old son in the shop class of the painter Domenico Ghirlandaio. After about one year, Michelangelo went on to study at the sculpture school in the Medici gardens and shortly thereafter was invited into the household of Lorenzo de Medici *http//www.thais.it/scultura/sch00073.htm*, the Magnificent. There he had an opportunity to converse with the younger Medici, two of whom later became popes (Leo X and balmy VII). He also became acquainted with such humanis... ...e.Michelangelos AchievementsDuring his long lifetime, Michelangelo was an intimate of princes and popes, from Lorenzo de Medici to Leo X, Clement VIII, and Pius III (1439-1503), as well as cardinals, painters, and poets. Neither easy to get along with nor easy to understand, he expressed his view of himself and the world even more directly in his poetry *http//scriptorium.lib.duke.edu/mazzoni/exhibit/treasures/B56.html* than in the other arts. Much of his verse deals with art and the hardships he underwent, or with Neoplatonic philosophy and personal relationships. The great reincarnation poet Lu dovico Ariosto wrote succinctly of this famous artist Michelangelo was widely awarded the epithet divine because of his extraordinary accomplishments. Two generations of Italian painters and sculptors were impressed by his treatment of the human figure Raphael, Annabale Carracci, Pontormo, Rosso Fiorention, Sebastiano del Piombo, and Titian. His dome for St. Peters became the token of authority, as well as the model, for domes all over the Western world the majority of state capitol buildings in the U.S., as well as the Capitol in Washington, D.C., are derived from it.

Creatine :: essays research papers

CREATINEAthletes will put m both different types of supplements and drugs to append their physical strength. These supplements range from protein shakes to steroids. Some sports supplements argon incredibly safe and effective, while others still work well but do more damage than unplayful in the long run. In the past athletes had to turn to such things as anabolic steroids or blood doping (the process of taking out blood and adding group O to it and putting it back into their body in order to increase their endurance). But they are illegal. Many supplements are as simple as packaged postal code and others require a strict exercise and eating regimen. I will explore creatine and its effect on the sport world. Creatine was first introduced to the US in 1993 by a supplement company called Experimental and Applied Sciences. Since then it has become one of the most demanded items on the market. The creatine that is bought in stores duplicates the intrinsic creatine that is produced by the kidney, liver, and pancreas. Creatine Monohydrate has been proven to significantly enhance athletic performance in the areas of power, strength, and muscle mass. Most importantly though, it doesnt seem to have any serious side effects. Also, since Creatine is found naturally in the body and in foods, it is likely that it will not be removed from sports. Creatine is a nutrient that is found in many foods. It is most highly concentrated in lean red meat. A half-pound of red meat contains about both grams of Creatine. Every human body also produces Creatine in very small amounts, though some people produce more than others. Creatine is undeniable for proper cell functions and cell reproduction, it is also a primary storage for verve in muscles. Creatine works when somebody is exercising, his or her muscles demand energy. The energy that the muscle gets is called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). As the muscles keep contracting, the ATP is turned into adenosine diphosphate (ADP). ADP causes your muscles to fatigue. Creatine Phosphate helps to convert ADP into ATP when the ATP is gone. In doing this, the athlete has bettor endurance during his of her workout or event. If all this were true, it would be easy to see why athletes are turning to Creatine for an edge on their competition. But are these claims real? Is their scientific proof of what Creatine does?

Legal Education In The Us :: essays research papers

statutory Education In The USThere is no undergraduate police force degree in the United States thus, students cannotexpect to study law without first completing an undergraduate degree. Basicadmissions requirements for American law schools are a Bachelors degree in anyfield and the constabulary School Admissions turn out (LSAT). The American law degree iscalled the Juris Doctor (JD) and usually requires three years of study. The JDprogram involves courses in American common and statute law as headspring asinternational and business law. Overseas students who are considering anAmerican JD should note that this program focuses on preparation for US legalpractice. Undergraduate Preparation for Law SchoolNo particular subject or major field of study is required at the undergraduatelevel. Law schools are concerned that applicants exhaust taken courses whichdevelop communication and analytical skills, and that they have exposedthemselves to a variety of disciplines. The Prelaw Hand book (Association ofAmerican Law Schools) suggests students study some or to the highest degree of the followingfields but stresses that "well-developed academic ability" is preferable tointense specialization in any ane field economics, social sciences (sociology,psychology, anthropology, political science), computers, accounting, and thesciences. to the highest degree pre-law students earn their undergraduate degrees in one of thesocial sciences, rounding out their general preparation with courses from otherdisciplines. All these subjects may be studied at virtually any university. Lawschools in the US do not require that students complete their Bachelors degreein America, but because of fierce competition for places in law schools, fewstudents are accepted from overseas universities. At the beginning of the finalyear of undergraduate study, JD applicants should take the LSAT. No knowledge oflaw is necessary to do well on this exam it is a standardized test of academic aptitude in the areas of reading comprehension and analytical and logicalreasoning. Legal EducationStudents thinking of law study soon discover that the programs of most lawschools have a great deal in common. The choice of one school over another isnot easily made on the basis of catalog descriptions of the teaching methods,course offerings, and formal requirements. The similarity is natural, since mostAmerican law schools share the aim of educating lawyers for careers that maytake many paths and that will frequently not be limited to any particular stateor region. Although many lawyers eventually find themselves practicing withinsome special branch of the law, American legal education is still fundamentallyan education for generalists. It emphasizes the acquisition of immense and basicknowledge of law, understanding of the functioning of the legal system, and

Becoming A Soldier :: essays research papers

Becoming a soldierThe clock was ringing so loudly, it was like he was actually screaming at me. I reached my hand and slapped it. I did not want the night to be over already. I knew that this morning would be very(prenominal) long and grueling, the morning that I discombobulate been waiting for in a great fear for several months. It was the morning I was drafted to the ground forces.In Israel, every male child and girl who reaches eighteen have to jointure the army. It is mandatory and it is for a minimum of three years for boys and a year and eight months for girls. During the eleventh and twelfth bod you go through several mixture processes, in which the army determines where will everyone serve. The process of classification includes several tests, some of them are physical and others are in math and Hebrew. So on the twenty-four hour period you are drafted you suppose to know where you are going to serve and what you are going to do, at least for the prime(prenominal) few months of your service.For me the experience of joining the army at the age of eighteen was very difficult. I felt that these are my best years but rather of taking advantage of them I am going to the army. In other countries, when a person reaches eighteen he is usually going to college and "start his biography". I on the other hand, was to the highest degree to do one of the most demanding mission a man can do.I postponed my recruiting day as long as I could in social club to travel and enjoy as much as I could in that time. I knew that I was going to be a fighter and give up the convenience of being home everyday, eat home made food, go out with friends, sleep in my bed. kind of I would sleep in a tent or lie on the ground on a stake out, eat bad food, and loll to know new people. All that was grave for me to accept at the age of 18.To my parents I was the third child to go into the army. My older brother, who was also a fighter, was released twain years befor e I got drafted. And my sister, who served in the intelligence corps, was released only four months before. We all woke up that morning like we did the past two times.Becoming A Soldier essays research papers Becoming a soldierThe clock was ringing so loudly, it was like he was actually screaming at me. I reached my hand and slapped it. I did not want the night to be over already. I knew that this morning would be very long and grueling, the morning that I have been waiting for in a great fear for several months. It was the morning I was drafted to the army.In Israel, every boy and girl who reaches eighteen have to join the army. It is mandatory and it is for a minimum of three years for boys and a year and eight months for girls. During the eleventh and twelfth grade you go through several classification processes, in which the army determines where will everyone serve. The process of classification includes several tests, some of them are physical and others are in math and Heb rew. So on the day you are drafted you suppose to know where you are going to serve and what you are going to do, at least for the first few months of your service.For me the experience of joining the army at the age of eighteen was very difficult. I felt that these are my best years but instead of taking advantage of them I am going to the army. In other countries, when a person reaches eighteen he is usually going to college and "start his life". I on the other hand, was about to do one of the most demanding mission a man can do.I postponed my recruiting day as long as I could in order to travel and enjoy as much as I could in that time. I knew that I was going to be a fighter and give up the convenience of being home everyday, eat home made food, go out with friends, sleep in my bed. Instead I would sleep in a tent or lie on the ground on a stake out, eat bad food, and get to know new people. All that was hard for me to accept at the age of 18.To my parents I was the thir d child to go into the army. My older brother, who was also a fighter, was released two years before I got drafted. And my sister, who served in the intelligence corps, was released only four months before. We all woke up that morning like we did the past two times.

great gatsby :: essays research papers

Now we have an American masterpiece in its final form the original crystal has shaped itself into the true diamond.(James Dickey)The great(p) Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald is deemed to be a trueclassic in all terms. The Novel is a time slight masterpiece that any era end-to-endhistory can relate to. Though written in the 1920s The Great Gatsby stands as... one of the masterpieces of the twentieth century American literature . The disc has transcended its own age and turned into a timeless classic. Thenovel may have been written to justify society at that time, however the entire storyline can be related to anyone that reads it.William Faulkner is an author who wrote a famous Nobel Prizeacceptance speech. He writes not of love but lust, of defeats in which nobodyloses anything of value, of victories without foretaste and worst of all, without pity orcompassion. Here Faulkner speaks of issues that also pertain to that of TheGreat Gatsby. Gatsby desired Daisy throughout the entire story. Everything hedid and thought had been decided upon by his endless lust. When Daisy unite tom, Gatsby lost his chance with her. Then Gatsby won a glance athappiness with Daisy when she fell in love with him. There was no foretaste though,his poor youth kept him from being an aristocrat. Daisy only wanted to be withan aristocrat. Finally when Faulkner said without pity or compassion thisrelates to The Great Gatsby in how Tom and Daisy packed up and moved faraway without even showing their faces at Gatsbys funeral.The Plot of the novel, is based on the fact that the newly rich, (those whowere not born into money, but have acquired it over time), will never have the power ofthose who were born in to family wealth. The woman that Gatsby, the maincharacter, is in love with, is married to Tom, a man of higher power than Gatsby.Living in East Egg, the couple looked down on those in West Egg. WestEgg was The less fashionable of the two,(pg. 9) the area where those who hadju st acquired their new money lived.Daisy, Gatsbys love interest, deserted him after their past relationshipand married Tom while Gatsby was at war. Gatsbys newly obtained money wasstill not good enough for Daisy. This type of scenario is still typical like a shot insociety. Much of the world today is based on materialism and the worth of onesfortune is more valuable than their own happiness.For the most part the characters, their problems they face, and how they

great gatsby :: essays research papers

Now we have an Ameri put forward masterpiece in its final form the original crystal has shaped itself into the true diamond.(James Dickey)The Great Gatsby, create verbally by F. Scott Fitzgerald is deemed to be a trueclassic in all terms. The Novel is a timeless masterpiece that any era throughout score can relate to. Though written in the 1920s The Great Gatsby stands as... one of the masterpieces of the twentieth century American literature . Thebook has transcended its have age and turned into a timeless classic. Thenovel may have been written to justify society at that time, however the entirestoryline can be related to anyone that reads it.William Faulkner is an author who wrote a famous Nobel Prizeacceptance speech. He writes not of love but lust, of defeats in which nobodyloses anything of value, of victories without hope and trounce of all, without pity orcompassion. Here Faulkner speaks of issues that also pertain to that of TheGreat Gatsby. Gatsby desired Daisy througho ut the entire story. Everything hedid and thought had been decided upon by his undying lust. When Daisy hook up with Tom, Gatsby lost his chance with her. Then Gatsby won a glance athappiness with Daisy when she fell in love with him. There was no hope though,his shortsighted youth kept him from being an aristocrat. Daisy only wanted to be withan aristocrat. Finally when Faulkner said without pity or compassion thisrelates to The Great Gatsby in how Tom and Daisy jammed up and moved faraway without even showing their faces at Gatsbys funeral.The Plot of the novel, is base on the fact that the newly rich, (those whowere not natural into money, but have acquired it over time), will never have the power ofthose who were born in to family wealth. The woman that Gatsby, the maincharacter, is in love with, is married to Tom, a man of higher power than Gatsby.Living in East Egg, the couple looked down on those in West Egg. WestEgg was The less fashionable of the two,(pg. 9) the area w here those who hadjust acquired their new money lived.Daisy, Gatsbys love interest, deserted him after their past relationshipand married Tom while Gatsby was at war. Gatsbys newly obtained money wasstill not good enough for Daisy. This type of scenario is still typical today insociety. Much of the world today is based on materialism and the worth of onesfortune is more valuable than their own happiness.For the most part the characters, their problems they face, and how they

Affects of Westernization on Youth and Culture Essay

youth be the back bone to a nation. The offspring generation occupies a special place in a society. They can change the future of the society with their spirited behavior. In a broader sense, the future of any society depends on the youth. The youth are ready to adjust changes because they are young, in search of truth and they are open to different ideas. Young people have better concentrating span contrary to old ones and that is how changes are brought in a society. All societies pay special attention to the youth. The youth acts as the motivating force of revolution. No revolution can be thriving without the efforts of youth in a course of action. Their youthful postcode enables them to perform great in every field and enables them to be innovative and skillful. Culture is the nail down range of learned human behavior patterns.It includes a set of Customs, beliefs, and traditions. Culture is also shaped by Religion, language, festivals, dress, arts and craft. Culture is p assed down from generation to generation. Youth of a society preserves its burnish. All Cultures are naturally prone to change and, at the same time, to resist change. There are three world(a) sources of influence that are responsible for both change and resistance to it Forces at work within a society, Contact between societies and Changes in the natural environment. at heart a society, processes leading to change include invention and culture loss. Inventions may be either technological or ideological. Technological inventions include new tools, energy sources, and transportation methods. Culture loss is an unavoidable result of old cultural patterns being replaced by new ones.For example, not many Pakistanis today know how to occupy for a horse. A century ago, this was common acquaintance among many people because buggies and horse-riding were the only means of transportation. Since then, vehicles with internal combustion engines have replaced horses and horse care knowledg e lost its importance. As a result, children are rarely taught these skills. Instead, they are trained in the use of the new technologies of automobiles, tele lots, cellular phones, computers, and iPods. The processes leading to change that occur as a result of contact between societies are diffusion, acculturation and transculturation. Diffusion is the movement of things and ideas from one culture to another. When diffusion occurs, the form of a trait may move from one society to another but not its original cultural meaning.Acculturation is what happens to an entire culture when unfamiliar traits diffuse in on a large scale and significantly replace traditional cultural patterns. Transculturation is what happens to an individual when he or she moves to another society and adopts its culture. The word westwardization is defined as The social process of becoming familiar with or converting to the customs and practices of Western civilization. The youth of Pakistan is talented and d edicated. Unfortunately, the youth today is involved in activities which are neither useful to them nor the nation. All that keeps them busy during the day are games, TV shows, movies and socializing with their peers which these days, is commonly called hanging out. At night, theyre busy chatting on the internet, listening to music, attending late night parties and some are even involved in illegal activities like smoking and drinking.They have no vision and instead of improving themselves or doing something productive, they choose to waste their time. All this is because of westernization of youth in Pakistan. Over the past decade, the youth of Pakistan has been adversely affected by western culture. A significant change has been observed in the culture of Pakistan. Many regional rituals have either been forgotten or replaced by western rituals young people prefer western attire over national dress, fast food is preferred over regional food, family values are not salutary the way they used to, dating has become very common and violent behavior has become a trend among youngsters. In such a situation, culture cannot be passed on in its original form it would rather be modified or to be more specific, westernized.

Solving Prison Overcrowding with Drug Courts

Elizabeth Johnson was a model student. She was characterized by her teachers as hardworking, driven, and goal oriented. After existence placed on the purity roll and graduating early from Morris High School in Will County, Illinois, she beed Northern Illinois University to become a lawyer. Within her first year at college, her tone derailed. She was caught by the police and arrested for possession of marijuana. Johnson was expecting to be placed in prison house but she found herself in a medicate court, which assigned her mandatory medicate rehabilitation.After graduating from the rehabilitation program, she went back to school at John Marshall Law School, and passed the bar exam. Now, after seven years of completing the medicate program, she has not relapsed and works as a District Attorney for Will County. However, stories like Johnsons arent common. For any story like hers, there are hundreds of stories where the drug user would be sent to prison, shattering his or her f uture (Cain). Our prisons, now host thousands of non-violent drug users. These prisons have high upkeep tolls, and have led to overcrowding in some states (United States, Department of referee).The establishment of drug courts, throughout the land, would result in less economic exists to America, while still rehabilitating drug users successfully. Currently a large part of the Federal budget goes to the criminal justice system and more specifically in stopping drug abuse. In 2005, the government fatigued 135. 8 billion dollars stopping substance abuse and addiction (Lyons). This money is spent on creating modern rehabilitation programs and testing facilities for drug users to attend. However, drug users attend these programs on a voluntary basis.They are able to join and leave the programs at any time (Lyons). The Federal Government is spending billions on change magnitude rehabilitation facilities available, but is still sending drug users to prison. The courts still assign prison as sentences for drug users, as opposed to rehabilitation (Vrecko). Now, the Department of Justice needs another $6. 172 billion, on top of their current budget, for the rise in costs of federal prisons (United States, Office of Management and Budget). Our current drug policy is servicinglessness to match the Federal Governments initiative for rehabilitation.The current drug policy and harsh punishments has led to prison overcrowding. The New York Times describe that in California, there has been an add-on of 45,000 drug users in prison. This increase has fostered the argument of Californias prisons be overcrowded. Californias prison system is overcrowded with 145% capacity. on that point has now been a surge of cases to the Supreme Court about the constitutionality of the prisons (Liptak). Much of the problem of prison overcrowding has been linked to drug users.In 2009, the Federal Bureau of Prisons reported that 51. percent of prisoners are in prison for drug related charges. For comparison, in 1995, the number of prisoners for drug related charges was 26. 7 percent. (United States. Department of Justice. ) The number of prisoners has nearly duplicate due to harsher drug policies stricter punishments. Like California, many states are reporting with a surge in drug users in prison which has resulted in an increase in upkeep costs. For example, Washington go away need to build three new prisons to ensure the constitutionality of their prisons.Peter Aldhous, who earned his PhD from the University of California Berkley, wrote that each prison go out cost $250 million to build and an additional $45 million to run each year. Unless Washington changes some of its drug policies, they will likely see a proceed rise in the amount of drug users in prison and prison upkeep costs. Moreover, Aldhous expects 4. 1 billion dollars to be spent on new prisons across the nation over the next decade. While this is a long-term cost to states, many states will ne ed new beds and other items for their prisons. In Texas, the prisons will require 17,000 new beds (Lyons).In addition, states will have to hire more prison guards. In the end, the short term cost to the state may be around 1 million dollars (Mergenhagen). As the number of overcrowded prisons rises, drug usage while in prison also increases. many another(prenominal) drug users in prison have the ability to meet their friends and family on visits. During these visits, drugs have been given to the drug user in prison. However, the drugs that are exchanged are drugs that are hard to be traced during urine tests. As a result, inject able drugs, which leave no trace in urine, are the most likely to be exchanged.The drugs are because used in the prison cells where other cellmates may use the drug as well. In a piece of work comprising of 13 prisons, the range of prisoners who used injectable drugs while incarcerated was 16% to 54%. (Lines). When sharing injectable drugs, the prisoners a lso share the needle. This has disastrous effects on the health of the prisoners. Sharing needles causes an increase likelihood of catching diseases like HCV, HBV, and HIV (Lines). Another study, which looked at 43 prisons, found that the average HIV/AIDS preponderance is 3%. However, specifically in New York, the prevalence was 12. % (Mergenhagen).Outside of prison, America has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of . 3% (United States. Department of Health and Human Services). drug users in prison are 10 times more likely to contract HIV/AIDS versus the average population. Finally, the recidivism rate has not fallen with the harsher drug policy. Within two years of being released from prison, 32% of the drug users are incarcerated again for drug charges (Fox). This high recidivism rate furthers the judgement that the inmates are not receiving the proper attention in prison to deal with their drug addiction.Drug users are sent to prison typically at a young age similar to Johnson. In prison, they do not engender any additional education, job training, or counseling. They are then released back into society without any new resources to succeed. Instead, they carry a record which impairs them from obtaining jobs, and the psychological problems of being behind bars for an extended period of time (Phlisher). The recidivism rate remaining high, and lack of resources for individuals to succeed points to the need for a new solution rather than prison. Drug courts are the ideal solution.These drug courts are separate from the normal criminal court. Dr. Scott Vrecko, who obtained his PhD from the London School of Economics, claims that drug courts are specifically made for sending drug users to a rehabilitative program. If the judge feels as if the individual would be more successful in a rehabilitative program as opposed to prison, he or she will send the drug user to a program of the judges choice. If the drug user fails the program, he or she will be sent to prison. This o ption gives them the ability to have education, job training, and counseling while in rehab.However, the availability of drug courts is limited to only a a few(prenominal) states with Florida being the largest. In these states, they have great success on limiting the toll that prisons bear for drug users. Yet, only 6% of drug users in the nation have access to a drug court (Gorsman). 6% is too small to have any far reaching impact across the nation. change magnitude the number of drug courts available to the nation on a federal level would have a strong effect on lowering the cost for prisons and reducing the recidivism rate. The creation of drug courts would have a beneficial economic impact.First, it would lower the percentage of drug users in prison from 51. 4% to around 17% (Berman). This would vastly lower the economic costs of maintaining the prisons. Moreover, it would only cost 1. 2 billion dollars to create drug courts throughout the nation (Gorsman). The proposed 1. 2 bi llion dollars is a fraction of 135. 8 billion dollars the nation already pays for the creation of rehabilitative programs (Lyons). The rehabilitative programs are already built and running. These drug courts would enforce mandatory attending to the program. In fact, it would save about 1. million dollars per 200 people per year. (Lyons).The estimated savings would easily cover the costs of creating the drug courts after a few years. Many of the drug users in prison are not there on their first arrest, but their second and third arrest. The largest drawback of the prison system, is its inability to reduce recidivism. However, drug courts have become more effective at reducing recidivism. In one study, the recidivism rate was 4% to 8% after two years of being released from the program (Berman). This number is significantly lower than the 32% recidivism rate for drug users who go to prison (Fox).The most extensive study was done by Brenda Newton-Taylor an M. D. from Stanford. The stud y involved 432 participants and factored out eight different variables including length of drug usage, race, gender, income, and the specific drug used. They found a recidivism rate at 6% for those who gradational from the rehabilitative program. Furthermore, those that failed the program used drugs less often than before after being released from prison. On average they used drugs about a third as much as they used to. This resulted in the individuals having better jobs and maintaining better lives.The creation of drug courts have been effective in reducing the recidivism rate and lowering the cost on prisons. Many of the present arguments against the establishments of drug courts is related to a theoretical rise in drug users due to a less severe punishment. However, this idea has been empirically disproved. In the certain areas where drug courts are present in America, such as Florida, there has not been a statistically significant increase in the amount of drug usage or drug use rs (Marlowe). Much of this has been applied to the continued social stigmatization of drugs.Although some states have taken a shift in their drug policy, the stigmatization of drugs still exists. Further, although the mandatory treatment program is not as harsh as prison, it is still not an kindly punishment (Marlowe). The average length to graduate from the program is about 8 months (Newton-Taylor). The time required to graduate still deters individuals from using drugs. If they fail the program, they will be sent to jail which still acts as a deterrent. (Marlowe). The argument of increased drug consumption lacks empirical evidence.The establishment of drug courts throughout the nation would help to solve some of the pressing needs of overcrowding within state prisons and the stagnant recidivism rates. Elizabeth Johnson has been pleading her case to the Illinois state government for the creation of drug courts in every county. Many representatives have joined her support of drug c ourts, and Illinois has seen large strides in reforming their drug policies. (Cain. ) With many large states such as Florida shifting to drug courts, the driving force for the federal government to enact the change will undoubtedly follow.

If you could choose a holiday for yourself

The first city I would love to see in India, is Delhi. It is the capital of India and is where most of the historical events take place. There is the Red Fort which is a famous historical monument in Delhi that was built during the last days of the McHugh Empire and the British Era. The Delhi Gate, built by Emperor Shah Johan, Is another must enforce tourist attraction. The Gate links the New Delhi City with the doddering walled city of Delhi. And of course, the Quit excusable cannot be a missBesides its vast history, there are many other tourist attractions one just experience in Delhi, care the narrow bazaars of old Delhi which gives a feel like you have wondered somewhere medieval. Delis local street food is a must try. Delis chat and Galapagos in the streets of old Delhi, is what would love to relish The beautiful Tag Mall, in Agar, being one of the 7 wonders and located about three hours away from Delhi, cannot be missed. This is the worlds most notable monument to love.Alm ost sixty thousand people a day visit the Tag Mall. It is pink at dawn and dusk, dazzling white at noonday and pearly silver by moonlight. Since I am a kick the bucket lover and it IS my desire to travel and explore the world, I would first want to travel around India as I am an Indian and this way can learn more about this land which has a rich culture teeming of history, religion, tradition and of course not to forget the variety of mouth watering cuisines in each state, Delhi and Agar being on top of my must visit list

Day V Caton

Day v. Caton 119 MASS. 513 1876 FACTS complainant Day built a wall betwixt two adjacent estates in Boston and required defendant Carton to pay for a portion of the wall. On the other hand, defendant Caton claimed that there was no express contract between Plaintiff Day and himself whereas his silence did non insinuate any promise to pay anything for it. In the trial court, the jury demonstrate for Plaintiff Day and defendant Caton filed the appeal. ISSUE OR QUESTIONWas the fact sufficient of itself to establish the existence of a contract? Whether the silence of a political party seeing services which actually the party got the benefit DECISION Upheld REASON OR RULE 1) NO. The fact that the plaintiff expected to be remunerative for the work would certainly not be sufficient of itself to establish the existence of a contract. Because the plaintiff expected to be paid for the brick wall ,though the defendant did not know that the plaintiff was acting with that expectation. ) Yes. Although a promise to pay for the wall would not be implied from the fact,which the building of the wall was not in accordance with the pass on of the defendant,the silence of defendant Caton was treated as evidence of an acceptance of paying for the wall. The defendant had the opportunity to reject the building of the wall , instead, he stood by in silence and saw valuable services rendered upon his real estate by the erection of a structure.A PERSONAL COMMENT In this case, the jury found for Plaintiff Day. I also agree with the decision. However, I want to emphasize that I think this lawsuit merchantman be avoided. If plaintiff Day and defendant Caton can write down an agreement before building the wall, they will have an express contract. Plaintiff Day also can acknowledge defendant Caton that he will require a payment. ZHIBO ZHOU 02/03/2012